<reduction, lambda calculus> (WHNF) A lambda expression is in weak head normal form (WHNF) if it is a head normal form (HNF) or any lambda abstraction. I.e. the top level is not a redex. The term was coined by Simon Peyton Jones to make explicit the difference between head normal form (HNF) and what graph reduction systems produce in practice. A lambda abstraction with a reducible body, e.g. x . (( y . y+x) 2) is in WHNF but not HNF. To reduce this expression to HNF would require reduction of the lambda body: ( y . y+x) 2 --> 2+x Reduction to WHNF avoids the name capture problem with its need for alpha conversion of an inner lambda abstraction and so is preferred in practical graph reduction systems. The same principle is often used in strict languages such as Scheme to provide call-by-name evaluation by wrapping an expression in a lambda abstraction with no arguments: D = delay E = () . E The value of the expression is obtained by applying it to the empty argument list: force D = apply D () = apply ( () . E) () = E (1994-10-31)

Lambda calculus is a formal mathematical system based on lambda abstraction and function application. Two definitions of the language are given here: a standard definition, and a definition using mathematical formulas.

Third normal form (3NF) is a database schema design approach for relational databases which uses normalizing principles to reduce the duplication of data, avoid data anomalies, ensure referential integrity, and simplify data management. It was defined in 1971 by Edgar F.